The Provision Of Public Health Services Essay - 1484 Words

The author was hired as the new Vice President of Quality and Safety for a full-service 600-bed government healthcare organization. Within the first month on the job, the national security threat level has been raised to Imminent, which means there is a credible, specific, an impending terrorist threat against the United States and the facility may be directly impacted. Upon this report, the Chief Executive Officer has requested an immediate six to eight (6-8) page report on a proposal for handling such a situation. The author has to be very knowledgeable, factual, accurate, and validated when presenting this proposal. The public health system takes into consideration â€Å"all public, private, and voluntary entities that contribute to the delivery of essential public services within a jurisdiction. Therefore this concept ensures that all entities’ contributions to the health and well-being of the community or the state are recognized in assessing the provision of public he alth services†. Examine the existing procedures related to at least four (4) of the ten (10) essential health services. Focus on the principal effects that these procedures will have on your hospital during the emergency. The four existing procedures chosen from the ten essential health services that will be examined are: Firstly, Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems this aspect falls under the Assessment section of the essential public health services. TheShow MoreRelatedThe Provision Of Public Health Services Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The author was hired as the new Vice President of Quality and Safety for a full-service 600-bed government healthcare organization. Within the first month on the job, the national security threat level has been raised to Imminent, which means there is a credible, specific, and impending terrorist threat against the United States and the facility may be directly impacted. Upon this report, the Chief Executive Officer has requested an immediate six to eight (6-8) page report on a proposalRead MorePrioritizing Mental Health : Service Provision Within Arizona s Public Schools2886 Words   |  12 PagesMental Health: Service Provision in Arizona’s Public Schools The transition from childhood to adolescents introduces several challenges to youths’ socio-emotional, relational, and mental health. Ranging from poor self-esteem, to friendship and family friction, to depression and anxiety, all of these challenges constitute a significant need for psychosocial and emotional support. Failure to provide such support has been associated with physical and behavioral co-morbidities that affect health and wellbeingRead MoreThe United States Health Care Public Safety Essay1069 Words   |  5 PagesBackground The United States health care public safety net system largely provides healthcare services to the uninsured and the under insured. However, this vulnerable population still cannot access adequate care and compared to the privately insured population, the uninsured receive less preventative and specialty health care services. The need for safety net providers to improve the delivery and access to care has led to increased funding through the Patient Protection and Affordable Care ActRead Morehsc care for children and young people1207 Words   |  5 PagesPeople. Q. Describe health and social care services provision for looked- after children and young people (Pass 3). Organisation of care provision. Care is provided for children and young people by the following agencies; -Central and local government. -The voluntary sector. -Private providers. -Provision for young offenders. Central government. There are a number of departments and services within central government as detail below. Department of health; This government departmentRead MoreBenefits Of The Canadian Healthcare System1424 Words   |  6 Pageshealthcare system is a public funded single payer system that offers universal coverage to every Canadian legal resident. The national health insurance program is network of provincial and territorial health insurance programs that all have common characteristics and offer basic standard of service. The insurance program is designed to offer coverage for the medically necessary hospital care, outpatient physician services, diagnostic, chronic and rehabilitative, and acute services. (Lassey,1997). TheRead MorePublic Health Services For Nhs England1445 Words   |  6 PagesRehabilition services are there for many people suffering from mental health issues, drug or alcohol abuse or even for servicemen and women who have been injured in the armed forces. Public health services commissioned not only by the CCGs but also by PHE whom also works closely with NHS England and the department of health to be provided. These services should aim to provide efficient healthcare to people living within UK. Primary care is what patients mainly look out for when they are in needRead MoreThe Health Insurance Portability And Accountability Act1609 Words   |  7 PagesIt has always been the job of health care providers to maintain doctor-patient confidentiality. Not only is it a legal obligation it is also an ethical obligation to many doctors, nurses, physician’s assistants and many other medical staff. Until recently medical records were primarily recorded on paper and stored in cabinets and locked in what was believed as a secure room. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act also known as HIPAA, was passed on August 21, 1996. Although the lawRead MoreImproving The Patient Protection And Affordable Care Act 20101206 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction Healthcare is paramount to the life of an individual. Health systems, costs and outcomes play a vital role in the determination of whether a nation is striving towards maintaining and protecting its citizens. USA operates under the mixed market healthcare system whereby both the government and private sector play a role in the provision of health services. It is evident that the private sector plays a larger role than the government. The USA aims at attaining three forms of healthcareRead MoreBiosimilar Drug Case Study957 Words   |  4 Pagesdedicated by FDA for the expedition of the evaluation process for the biosimilar organic products (Messer, 2017). Notably, these products are essential as they offer life-altering or life-changing benefits at a lower cost to the patients. Therefore, the provision is building on the development of the biosimilar products and support guidance for the developers (Tingle, 2017). Significantly, fees for the biosimilar biological products will be eva luated once per product in each fiscal year whereby it shall generateRead MoreDifferences And Impvantages Better Services1143 Words   |  5 Pagesbetter services and to help me test my hypothesis about the positive externalities generated. From the survey, about 50% of the patients I surveyed at the hospital thought that the UK health care system does not work efficiently and this is because of the NHS having to deal with many problems and the government failing to allocate funds efficiently. Many of the patients believed that the NHS should be manged more like a private sector. While most economist accept inevitability of public funding

Ponzi Scheme - 865 Words

Ponzi Scheme Corporate Finance A Ponzi scheme is an illegal business practice in which new investor’s money is used to make payments to earlier investors. In many Ponzi schemes, the fraudsters focus on attracting new money to make promised payments to earlier-stage investors and to use for personal expenses, instead of engaging in any legitimate investment activity. The returns are repaid out of new investors’ principal, but not from profits. This can continue as long as new investors line up with cash, and old investors don’t try to withdraw too much of their money at once. Ponzi scheme is named after Charles Ponzi, known as the Father of the Ponzi scheme and the infamous swindler, who paid out returns with other investors†¦show more content†¦He had started his business with a loan of $200, but within months he had two offices in Boston with a staff of dozens of employees processing sales, and he bought a modest mansion for $35,000. Of course, there were no actual profits, Ponzi had not actually bought the IRCs, and he paid early investors with the funds derived from later investors. This only worked well for him because of the rapid payments made to investors. People saw what he could do and they wanted in, so he was selling the IRC’s quickly and convincing people to reinvest their funds, he was able to postpone his financial obligations even longer. By the time the scheme collapsed his income was estimated at $1M per week, and late coming investors were defrauded of between $7 - $15M. The downfall started from some investigative journ alism, this led to the District attorney getting involved and Ponzi being charged. Most of Ponzis gains were seized in an involuntary bankruptcy hearing, and what little remained was spent in his subsequent legal battles. Ponzi’s scheme was exposed by newspaper reports in 1920 and despite his claims of innocence, a federal audit confirmed his operation was bankrupt, owing almost $4 million or more to investors. After investigation, Ponzi was charged with 86 counts of mail fraud and sentenced to five years in federal prison, and while incarcerated on federal charges heShow MoreRelatedPonzi Schemes : A Ponzi Scheme2297 Words   |  10 Pages A â€Å"Ponzi scheme† is defined by the SEC as investment fraud, that incorporates remuneration of professed returns to old investors from funds contributed by new investors. It could be thought of as a systematic process, requiring consistent fraudulent action and deceitfulness. Usually Ponzi schemes are generally short in length, but Madoff’s lasted for almost 30 years. In simpler terms, a Ponzi scheme is built upon the idea of robbing Peter to pay Paul, when in essence no real investment is made (MoafRead MorePonzi Scheme1146 Words   |  5 PagesPonzi Scheme Keller Graduate School Forensics Accounting The Bernie Madoff scam truly made history. Bernie Madoff probably would not have been able to prolong this scam without the continued help of the Accounting Firm of Friehling amp; Horowitz CPAs PC, who at last reported purported to audit financial statements and disclosures of Madoff firm for the last 17 years. Ponzi schemed to help Madoff by trying to go undetected because of Friehling deceiving investors and regulators by declaringRead MoreThe Scheme Of Ponzi Scheme1809 Words   |  8 Pagessugar up the schemes in order to make it look like a real one. Typically, scam makers claim they are savvy or skilled at investing. A Ponzi scheme is one of the common frauds in life. It is a special type of illegal pyramid operation (Wells, 2010). The scheme organizers promise high rates of return with little risk to investors. In many Ponzi schemes, the fraudsters do not invest the money. Instead, they use it to pay the earlier investors and may keep some for themselves. Ponzi scheme is predestinedRead MoreA Report On The Ponzi Scheme1627 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary This report provides a breakdown and assessment of the Ponzi scheme run by American swindler and former stockbroker, investment advisor, and financier Bernard â€Å"Bernie† Madoff. The research draws attention to the biggest fraudulent scheme in U.S. history, emphasizing the use of the so-called Ponzi scheme. Madoff used a variety of techniques that made it difficult to disclose the scam. At the end of each month Madoff sold all stocks and financial instruments so that the hedge fundRead MorePonzi Scheme1384 Words   |  6 PagesA â€Å"Ponzi Scheme† is an investment fraud that involves the payment of alleged returns to existing investors from funds contributed by new investors. Ponzi scheme organizers often seek new investors by showing potential in their company; they entice investors to invest funds in opportunities claimed to generate high returns with little or no risk. In many Ponzi schemes, the fraudsters focus on attracting new money to make promised payments t o earlier-stage investors and to use for personal expensesRead MoreMadoff Ponzi Scheme1249 Words   |  5 PagesMadoff Ponzi Scheme 1.Recent Developments * February 4, 2009 The whistle blower Harry Markopolos has told his nine years of warnings to SEC officials without making any action. * Oct. 2, 2009.Jeffrey Picower, one of the greatest beneficiaries of the scheme, was found dead at the bottom of his pool. According to the autopsy report, he suffered a massive heart attack while in the swimming pool resulting in accidental drowning * December 12, 2010.Mark Madoff, son of Bernard Madoff, committedRead MoreThe Bernie Madoff Ponzi Scheme2588 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction The Bernie Madoff Ponzi Scheme is a well-known case and is known as one of the biggest Ponzi scheme’s. In summary the scheme occurred for many reasons that I will some up into 3 points; A lack in competency by regulatory agencies, a lack of regulation, and finally a breach in ethics by Bernie Madoff himself. To explain further, the regulatory agencies like the lawyers and SEC are supposed to prevent schemes such as this one from happening but because they lacked the skills to correctlyRead MoreEssay The Madoff Ponzi Scheme3338 Words   |  14 Pageswhite-collar crime of all times, a Ponzi scheme. Similar to that of a pyramid scheme, a Ponzi scheme uses money from new investors to pay off the older investors. The term Ponzi scheme was developed with the first known con artist in such an attempt, Charles Ponzi, who in 1920 advertised that he could payout a 50% return on investments in only 45 days. As individuals throughout New Jersey and New England began investing, and somet imes mortgaging their house to do so, Ponzi was taking in millions of dollarsRead MoreHistory of the Ponzi Scheme Essay612 Words   |  3 PagesHistory of the Ponzi Scheme Is named after con man Charles Ponzi, a Ponzi scheme is an investment fraud that involves the payment of purported returns to existing investors from funds contributed by new investors.(SEC, 2013) . Typically Ponzi Schemes entice investors with ensuring higher returns rather than alternative investments, in the form of short-term returns that are either abnormally high or remarkably consistent. Top broker, Bernie Madoff, was found guilty of this scheme, which will furtherRead MoreMadoff Ponzi Scheme And Whistleblowers1151 Words   |  5 PagesMadoff Ponzi Scheme and Whistleblowers Due diligence is â€Å"A comprehensive appraisal of a business undertaken by a prospective buyer, especially to establish its assets and liabilities and evaluate its commercial potential.† (Oxford Dictionaries). Every investor and self-respecting business should do their homework before trusting any other business with their money. Fairfield Greenwich Group claimed a loss of $7 billion that has â€Å"vaporized† with Bernie Madoff (Blodget, H., April 1, 2009). The Fairfield

All societies and cultures place a great emphasis on the differences between males and females Free Essays

string(208) " now arguing that the roles of men and women are determined by culture and are therefore learned as part of the socialisation process, and ultimately there is nothing natural about the roles that women play\." All societies and cultures place a great emphasis on the differences between males and females. When a child is born we categorise its gender as being either male or female, or of either being a girl or a boy, and depending on which of these categories you fall in to will have a huge bearing on how your life will evolve. Some basic facts can serve as starting points. We will write a custom essay sample on All societies and cultures place a great emphasis on the differences between males and females or any similar topic only for you Order Now The unique reproductive capacities of females normally mark their lives by menstruation, pregnancy, parturition, lactation, and menopause. Males are, on average, larger and have greater physical strength than females in the same population. The burden of evidence also indicates that males are more aggressive, although this is not as well established as the facts of physical morphology and reproductive capacity (Nadelson, pg 3, 1991) However, as Nadelson states none of these capacities or apparent predispositions are uniformly translated into adaptive outcomes across human populations because of variations in technology, socioeconomic organisation, and cultural values. Female reproduction can be halted by celibacy or infertility or delayed by the use of contraception, and lactation can be avoided by using infant formula. The strength of males can diminish as machinery becomes available to do the heavy work. The aggressiveness of young males, though valuable for defence can become socially disruptive if there is no need for local troops. Behavioural differences between boys and girls can be reduced in later childhood when they are raised together and boys perform tasks defined as feminine. Thus the existence of gender specific capacities does not predict how or to what extent they will be used for purposes of adaptation. (Nadelson, pg 4, 1991) Field work carried out by anthropologists within non Western societies provide support for this point, in the East African highlands, where ploughs and animals are absent, the heavy work of cultivation is done largely by women. The same women carry 50-pound loads on their heads over considerable distances, in addition to bearing and raising children and managing their homes. Anthropologists use the term socialisation as a concept to mean the teaching that prepares the young to be competent members of their society. Training children to fit gender roles and to internalise the benefits and values appropriate to performing their roles in all situations and social instructions is a primary job of socialisers the world over. (Herdt, pg 68, 1987) Throughout history many people have long since argued to what extent culture can shape gender and what influences gender identity. The physical appearance of someone, the way they dress and how they act are all supposed to be characteristics of being either male or female. All cultures have acceptable roles based on the sex of the individual and these roles are determined by a person’s position within their family and society. Many argue that gender roles are culturally rather than biologically produced and whiles a person’s sex refers to biological differences between male and females, it is through gender socialisation that a person acquires his or her gender. It is through this process that a person learns what is masculine and feminine, and how to act accordingly, dependant on the surroundings he or she is in. (www. sociology. org. uk/tecelth. htm) Giddens states that when speaking of sexual differences we are distinguishing between males and females, when speaking of gender it is between masculine and feminine. The content of the male / female distinction is genetically determined and largely universal, whereas the content of the masculine / feminine distinction is culturally determined and highly variable. Giddens, pg 148, 1987) Depending on the society in which we live depends on the activities and characteristics donated to males and females, and while these may be deemed as natural within their own unique culture this may not be so throughout all of society. An example of this being the rituals carried out within the Sambia, an initiation takes place were the main purpose is to make boys big and strong and to make them aggressive warriors. They have to be removed from their mothers and other females as this will also remove their feminine traits, such as shyness and crying. The initiation process involves ridding them of these feminine traits and unlearning all of their so far learnt behaviour. They have to learn how to be masculine. However, this is also a slight two fold initiation in that the Sambia believe that as the male body is incapable of producing semen it has to be externally acquired, as the presence of semen in the body is a sign of masculinity. The semen is digested orally, provided by older members of the men’s secret society. The boys will never be allowed back to theirs mothers again and will remain with the other male members of the tribe throughout their childhood, teenage years and early manhood. The female is seen as weaker and the boys can not be allowed to be weakened by her. (Herdt, pg 68, 1987) As has already been identified different societies define gender roles in a variety of different ways, however what is evident is that regardless of culture or society, males tend to always have more power and more authority than women. Giddens, pg 149, 1987) Anthropologists such as George Peter Murdoch argue that biological differences such as the greater physical strength of men and the fact that women bear children lead to a sexual division of labour in society. Murdoch surveyed 224 societies and found that tasks such as hunting, lumbering and mining are usually part of the male role, while cooking and child care were usually assigned to the women. Murdoch states that women were handicapped by the physiological burdens of pregnancy and nursing. (Haralambos, pg 267, 1986) The rise of the Women’s Liberation Movement have contributed to the criticism that gender roles are shaped by biology, and more are now arguing that the roles of men and women are determined by culture and are therefore learned as part of the socialisation process, and ultimately there is nothing natural about the roles that women play. You read "All societies and cultures place a great emphasis on the differences between males and females" in category "Papers" It is all learnt behaviour, and as Marjorie Garber states in Vested Interest (1991) the reason that that female to male transgendered people are not generally seen as that remarkable as their male to female equivalents is because it is quite normal in our male dominated culture for a woman to want to become a man, as it is still recognised that social power is most often attached to being male. Even Sigmund Freud’s theory on gender was based on the idea that the ownership of a penis reflects masculinity and power, and being female means simply being absent of a penis. Girls, he states suffer from â€Å"penis envy† and due to this they under value their mother’s position in the family because she lacks a penis. The father is therefore generally in power and makes all females within the family adopt a submissive attitude. This is referred to by Freud as the Electra Complex. Freud’s theory comes in for a lot of criticism by many, as most of his analysis is based solely on biological differences, namely the ownership of a penis. However, as Mark Johnson discovered whilst carrying out fieldwork in the Southern Philippines the ownership of a penis is not always a sign of masculinity and it is rather what is done with it. The ‘bantut’ he discovered was thought of by almost all of the community as a man who was either sexually impotent in some way, or who had a small penis, or who was unable to have or sustain an erection (Johnson, pg 94, 1997) It could not be conceived that the ‘bantut’ chose this way of life and the desire to be elegant and sensual, to take care over their appearance, to appreciate beauty, to be vulnerable and protected, to be tender and caring, to be coy and flirtatious. As in many cultures there are two types of gender, male and female, masculine or feminine. Transgender is a term that has over recent years entered the vocabulary as a term to designate to anyone not covered by the term, man or woman (www. glbthistory. org/about/ourstory/tg-at-hs. lasso) However, it should be noted that transgender people, along with homosexuals, women and any number of racial and ethnic groups have joined the ranks of being publicly recognised minorities. www. badsubjects. com/issueno7/1993/annaleenewitz) In Cross-Dressing and Re-Dressing: Transvestism as Metaphor, Gilbert and Gubar remark that both Violet Trefusis and Vita Sackville-West wrote about their experiences of there being more than one possibility of opposite genders: In 1920, when Vita Sackville West looked back on her exuberant impersonation of the wounded soldier, ‘Julian’ during the height of her post war love affair with Violet Trefusis, she was bemused. She had experienced herself, she remembered, as inhabited by several sexes: â€Å"I hold the conviction that as centuries go on the sexes will become more nearly merged on account of their increasing resemblances† (Gilbert Gumar, pg 324, 1989) Clearly, this has not happened, eighty six years on and although, although it is not illegal for a man to wear women’s clothing, we would certainly not appear to be moving towards a gender free, multi-gender or even gender-balanced society, despite living in an age were hairstyles and clothing have such a huge impact on how we perceive a person and their individuality. Why in the twenty first century is it still more acceptable for a man to carry a knife than to wear women’s clothes, and why is it still so clear that they are women’s clothes. (Suthrell, pg 9, 2004) The area of gender is a very confusing and at times very cloudy one. It appears that studies throughout history have shown that there are explicit differences between sex and gender and that it is society which transforms biological males and females into sociological men and women. Children it appears discover their gender identity from their parents and parents construct their identity by ensuring that they pursue interests and adopt mannerisms that are stereotypical of a male or female within their society. This means that from a very early age the child knows which gender category he or she falls into. In Western society it could be argued that the media plays a huge role in depicting how males and females should behave, with women usually portrayed in the traditional role of mother and wife, or damsel in distress. Indeed, many fairytales, which have a huge influence on children still tend to portray men as the heroic male, who along with saving the planet will ultimately also have to save the female too. Even in non Western societies were the media have very little or no influence gender roles are still very apparent, Ian Hogbin’s account of childbirth and the role of men in a New Guinea villages gives an account of men supposedly being too clumsy and unskilled to minister to a tiny infant, and therefore, the father does not touch his young offspring. After about two weeks the women may give it to him for a few minutes, but six months elapse before he holds it for any length of time. (Hogbin, pg 58, 1963) From birth this child will know his or her place within the village and thus history continues to repeat itself. Nobody within the village will question why things are done this way and social pressure will ensure that this is how things continue. It could therefore be assumed that it is in fact social pressure which ensures that most within society conform to the gender role bequeathed to them, a role which they are led to believe is â€Å"normal† and this is why those who elect their own gender, whether that be male, female or something entirely different are usually pushed out of society and not accepted. How to cite All societies and cultures place a great emphasis on the differences between males and females, Papers

Market Power and Regulation System †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Market Power and Regulation System. Answer: Introduction: The natural monopolies are conducive to the industries, in which the largest supplier obtains cost advantages and it needs to be regulated for minimising risks. An industry incumbent defines a natural monopoly, in which the biggest supplier could develop theoretically the lowest prices of production with the help of economies of scope or scale (Barata, 2017). Hence, the natural monopoly conditions are at greater risk of developing actual economies and benefits of the society to regulate such situations. The regulating industries in order to reduce monopolisation along with maintaining competitive equality could be pursued with the help of average pricing of cost, regulations related to return rate, price ceilings, subsidies and taxes. Thus, the current essay aims to describe the way and the reasons that the government might want to regulate the price setting of a natural monopoly. Depiction of the way and the reasons that the government might want to regulate the price setting of a n atural monopoly: The government might intend to regulate monopolies for ensuring the interests of the consumers. For instance, the monopolies have market power in setting greater prices in contrast to competitive markets. The government could regulate monopolies with the help of standard rivalry, price capping and preventing monopoly power growth. There are several reasons that the government regulates the price setting of a natural monopoly. Firstly, the government aims to prevent additional increase in product or service prices. In the absence of government regulation, the monopolies could quote prices, which would exceed the competitive equilibrium (Bs, 2015).As a result, there would be inefficient allocation and fall in consumer welfare. Secondly, the government wants to regulate the price setting of a natural monopoly. For instance, if an organisation enjoys monopoly over the provision of a particular product, it might have minimal incentive for offering effective quality service. The government regulation could assure the organisation to achieve minimum service standards (Davies, 2014). Thirdly, an organisation having monopoly selling power might be in a situation to exploit monopsony purchasing power. For instance, the supermarkets might utilise dominant market position in squeezing the farmers profit levels. Fourthly, the government enforces regulation in order to promote the overall competition in the economy (Hawley, 2015).This is because in few industries, competition could be assured and this would minimise the need for government regulation. Fifthly, some industries are adjudged as natural monopolies because of greater economies of scale and the effective number of firms is one. Hence, competition could be encouraged and it is necessary in regulating the organisation in protecting the abuse of monopoly power (Hiriart Thomas, 2017). Several methods are available by which the government could regulate price setting in a natural monopoly. The first method is price capping on the part of the regulators through price capping regulators CPI-X. In case of newly privatised industries like electricity, water and gas, the organisation has developed regulatory agencies like OFGEM for the markets of electricity and gas, OFWAT for tap water and ORR for rail regulator office (Hirschfeld, 2015). Out of these functions, they would be able to minimise the increase in prices. This could be accomplished with the help of a formula CPI-X. In this case, X is the amount by which the prices could be minimised in real terms. In case, inflation is 3% and X is 1%, the organisations could raise actual prices by 2% (3% -1%). In case, the regulator views that an organisation could conduct efficiency savings and it is charging additional to the customers, it could set a greater X level. In the beginning years of the regulation related to telecommunication, the X-level has been extremely high, as efficiency savings help in larger price cuts. In case of water industry, the price cap system is CPI -/+K. K is the quantity of investment, which the water organisation is needed to implement. Thus, if the water organisations are required to invest in effective water pipes, they would be able to raise the prices for funding their investments. There are various benefits of CPI-X regulation. The regulator could adopt increase in prices based on the industrial state and potential savings related to efficiency. In case, an organisation minimises costs above X, they could raise their profit level. However, as argued by Jamal Sunder (2014), incentives are inherent in minimising costs. As no competition is inherent, CPI-X is a method of raising competition and this limits the abuse of monopoly power. However, the CPI-X regulation is costly and difficult to analyse for ascertaining the overall level of X. There is a risk associated with regulatory capture, in which the regulators are too soft on the organisation and this allows them in increasing prices to make adequate profit from investment. In addition, in case of inefficiency of a firm, penalty might be imposed on them by having greater X levels for keeping its efficiency saving. The regulators could investigate the service quality provided on the part of the monopoly. For instance, the regulator of rail investigates the record of safety related to rail organisations for assuring that they do not cut corners. In the markets of gas and electricity, the regulators would ensure that the aged individuals are treated with utmost concern. This includes not enabling an organisation to reduce gas supplies in winter. The government has a policy to examine mergers that would develop monopoly power. In case, a new merger develops an organisation exceeding 25% of the market share, it is referred automatically to the Competition Commission. Such commission could determine in allowing or blocking the merger (Lim Yurukoglu, 2015). In most cases, the government could determine a monopoly, which is required to be broken up, as the organisation has become too powerful. For instance, the US looked into segregating Microsoft; however, the action has been dropped. This tends to be viewed as an extreme step and there is no assurance that the new organisations would not collude. In addition, there is a standard return rate in regulation of monopolies in the CPI-X price capping. The return rate regulation views at the size of the organisation and evaluates what would conduct a reasonable profit level from the base of capital (Lytton, 2014). In case, there is excessive profit made on the part of the organisatio n in comparison to its relative size, the regulator might enforce price cuts or take one off tax. The government often enforces regulations for investigating the abuse of monopoly power. In Australia, the fair trading office could examine the abuse of monopoly power. This might take into account unfair trading practices. Some of these practices include collusion, in which the firms agree to set greater prices (Mudambi, Navarra Delios, 2013). Collusive tendering takes place at the firms enter into contracts in fixing the bid at which they would place tender for projects. The organisations would collect the same in tureen to obtain the contract along with enabling a greater price for the contract. Predatory pricing is another reason of enforcing government regulations, in which the prices are kept to try to push the rival organisations out of the industry (Pan, 2014). Vertical restraints are inherent in vertical restraints to restrict the retailers in stocking competitor products. The government is engaged in enforcing regulations for selective distribution. For instance, in the Australian car industry, the organisations have entered into exclusive and selective network of distribution for keeping greater prices. According to the report of the Competition Commission, the Australian cars have been at least 10% greater in contrast to the European cars. The issue with monopolies is that a monopolistic organisation, left to its own concurrence, would probably select in producing at a level of output, which is much lower and provide the product at a greater price resulting from a purely competitive industry (Posner, 2014). A monopolist would produce, in which its price is higher compared to that of marginal cost depicting an under-apportionment of resources towards the product. Through the restriction of output and increasing its price, the monopolist is assured greater profits. However, this would be accomplished at the societal cost of lower consumer welfare or surplus. However, in few industries, due to the broad output range over which the economies of scale are experienced, it creates the utmost sense for a single organisation to participate. These markets are termed as natural monopolies and few examples include natural gas, cable television, utilities and other industries having greater economies of scale (Stockwell et al., 2015). The government regulators experience a dilemma to deal with natural monopolistic industries like the electricity industry. For instance, an electricity organisation having a monopoly in a specific market would base its output and price decision on the rule of profit maximisation, which is prevalent amongst all the unregulated firms. Thus, the organisations would manufacture at a level, in which the marginal revenue equals marginal cost. The issue for a monopolist is that marginal revenue is lower than the price to be charged, which depicts that at the level of profit maximisation of output, marginal cost would be lower than the price and evidence related to allocating inefficiency. This necessitates the requirement for government regulation. A government associated with obtaining the right amount of electricity to the right number of individuals (allocating efficiency) might select in a price ceiling for electricity at the extent, in which the marginal cost of the organisation is equal to the price. This would be lower than the average overall cost of the organisation (Tirole, 2014). However, this would lead to significant losses for the organisation and this might lead to shut down of the same. Hence, the government needs to set a price ceiling, in which the price is identical to the average overall cost of the organisation implying that the firm would accomplish break-even by earning normal gain. From the above discussion, it has been found that the natural monopoly conditions are at greater risk of developing actual economies and benefits of the society to regulate such situations. The regulating industries in order to reduce monopolisation along with maintaining competitive equality could be pursued with the help of average pricing of cost, regulations related to return rate, price ceilings, subsidies and taxes. Thus, the current essay has described the way and the reasons that the government might want to regulate the price setting of a natural monopoly. In addition, it has been observed that an organisation having monopoly selling power might be in a situation to exploit monopsony purchasing power. For instance, the supermarkets might utilise dominant market position in squeezing the farmers profit levels. Along with this, the government enforces regulation in order to promote the overall competition in the economy. This is because in few industries, competition could be assured and this would minimise the need for government regulation. Fifthly, some industries are adjudged as natural monopolies because of greater economies of scale and the effective number of firms is one. Hence, competition could be encouraged and it is necessary in regulating the organisation in protecting the abuse of monopoly power. The government regulators experience a dilemma to deal with natural monopolistic industries like the electricity industry. For instance, an electricity organisation having a monopoly in a specific market would base its output and price decision on the rule of profit maximisation, which is prevalent amongst all the unregulated firms. Thus, the organisations would manufacture at a level, in which the marginal revenue equals marginal cost. The issue for a monopolist is that marginal revenue is lower than the price to be charged, which depicts that at the level of profit maximisation of output, marginal cost would be lower than the price and evidence related to allocating inefficiency. References: Barata, J. (2017). Spain: From Monopoly to Liberalisation. Two Decades of Telecommunications Regulation.Australian Journal of Telecommunications and the Digital Economy,4(4), 80-88. Bs, D. (2015).Pricing and price regulation: an economic theory for public enterprises and public utilities(Vol. 34). Elsevier. Davies, A. (2014). Regulation and Productivity.Mercatus Center at George Mason University. Hawley, E. W. (2015).The New Deal and the problem of monopoly. Princeton University Press. Hiriart, Y., Thomas, L. (2017). The optimal regulation of a risky monopoly.International Journal of Industrial Organization,51, 111-136. Hirschfeld, K. (2015). Introduction. InGangster States(pp. 1-22). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Jamal, K., Sunder, S. (2014). Monopoly versus competition in setting accounting standards.Abacus,50(4), 369-385. Lim, C. S., Yurukoglu, A. (2015). Dynamic natural monopoly regulation: Time inconsistency, moral hazard, and political environments.Journal of Political Economy. Lytton, T. D. (2014). Competitive third-party regulation: How private certification can overcome constraints that frustrate government regulation.Theoretical Inquiries in Law,15(2), 539-572. Mudambi, R., Navarra, P., Delios, A. (2013). Government regulation, corruption, and FDI.Asia Pacific Journal of Management,30(2), 487-511. Pan, S. W. (2014). Countermeasures for Regulating Income Distribution in Monopoly Industries of China.International Journal of Management Science and Engineering Research,1, 16-20. Posner, R. A. (2014).Economic analysis of law. Wolters Kluwer Law Business. Sokol, D. D. (2013). Merger Control Under China's Anti-Monopoly Law. Stockwell, T., Zhao, J., Marzell, M., Gruenewald, P. J., Macdonald, S., Ponicki, W. R., Martin, G. (2015). Relationships between minimum alcohol pricing and crime during the partial privatization of a Canadian government alcohol monopoly.Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs,76(4), 628-634. Tirole, J. (2014). Market power and regulation.Scientific Background on the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.

Suggested Format for a Reflective Journal free essay sample

Suggested format for a reflective journal Dr Elaine Regan, Postdoctoral Research Associate, King’s College London This is one of many possibilities, but it will give you some idea of the types of questions that you can usefully ask yourself. Feel free to modify this format to suit your needs. Write a page (or two) for each session, completed by you in order of the sessions. Complete this information after each time you do some work on the course. This includes the formal sessions, the related reading and any other preparation, such as work in groups. Answer only the questions that apply but think carefully about whether each question applies or not. A Reflective journal/diary is not like an essay! In your notebook you reflect on the academic content of the INQUIRE course/workshop in relation to your professional practice. It can be written in an essay-type prose, with an introduction and conclusion, or it can be a mixture of continuous prose, notes, bullet points etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Suggested Format for a Reflective Journal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The contents should (www. llas. ac. uk/resources/gpg/2395): ? relate the content of a workshop and related reading to your own teaching and personal development support any statements you make with evidence and examples from your reading and from your practice ? refer to insights gained into your practice ? consider the intention to try out new ideas and methods ? identify the need for further exploration of issues ? identify longer-term development What would an unsatisfactory entry be like? ? A description only of content from a workshop and reading ? Little reference to the workshop and related reading ? Generalisations unsupported by evidence or examples of how an insight or opinion came about A satisfactory diary entry would: Review (what happened in the course or something you tried form the course in your teaching) ? Reflect (make sense of what happened) ? Digest (absorb the implications of the learning event and link it with experience, action plans or questions for you to e xplore further) Keep the following page in the front of your notebook to stimulate your thoughts and writing (taken from www. audiencedialogue. net/journal. html). Your name Session date Session number Session topic What did I read for this session (apart from the notes)? What was the most interesting thing I read for this session (mark it above with an asterisk) why was that? What were three main things I learned from this session? What did I previously think was true, but now know to be wrong? What did we not cover that I expected we should? What was new or surprising to me? What have I changed my mind about, as a result of this session? One thing I learned in this session that I may be able to use in future is I am still unsure about Issues that interested me a lot, and that I would like to study in more detail Ideas for action, based on this session What I most liked about this session was What I most disliked about this session was Miscellaneous interesting facts I learned in this session

45 Synonyms for Food

45 Synonyms for Food 45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food† 45 Synonyms for â€Å"Food† By Mark Nichol Food means â€Å"a substance we eat for nutritional and/or gustatory purposes,† but that word is bland. For a tastier experience, use one of its synonyms listed below to convey the connotation you desire your readers to digest: 1. Aliment: food as nourishment 2. Bite: a bite’s worth of food, but also a small amount of food, such as a snack, or a casual reference to a larger amount 3. Board: the food laid out on a table, from the association of board with table; also denotes the part of the housing arrangement known as room and board, where room refers to lodging and board to meals 4. Bread: a synecdochic reference to food (synecdoche is a rhetorical device in which a part stands for a whole, as in â€Å"All hands on deck† for â€Å"All sailors on deck†) 5. Chow: food (slang); also a verb, as in â€Å"Chow down† 6. Comestible: food (formal or mock-formal); also a synonym for the adjective edible 7. Comfort food: food that satisfies nostalgic yearnings for traditionally prepared meals 8. Cooking: food, especially as specifically prepared, as in â€Å"I like her cooking† 9. Cuisine: food prepared in a specific fashion, as according to cultural tradition, or the manner or style of cooking 10. Diet: the particular combination of food for a person, group, or society, or a combination of food specified for or by a person for health reasons and/or weight loss; also a verb referring to the process of improving or maintaining health and/or losing weight 11. Dish: a preparation of food served in a single container as part of a meal; also, a container or piece of dinnerware for cooking, serving, or eating food, or an attractive person, or a verb meaning â€Å"to gossip† 12. Eatable: food; also a synonym for edible 13. Eats: food, especially convenient or simple food (slang) 14. Entrà ©e: the main course of a meal 15. Fare: food, in the sense of what is available or what is traditionally eaten 16. Fast food: food prepared rapidly, especially in restaurants that serve food quickly and at a high volume; also, used as an adjective in this sense or in that of something produced with little regard for quality 17. Feed: food for livestock; also used to describe an informal fund-raising event such as a crab feed in which a featured food is served with other dishes 18. Fodder: see feed; also refers to material in general that is readily available for use or consumption (â€Å"cannon fodder†) 19. Foodstuff: something used as food, especially as a raw ingredient in a food product 20. Goodies: edible treats 21. Groceries: food purchased at a store 22. Grub: see eats 23. Handout: food given free for charitable purposes 24. Home cooking: food prepared at home in a traditional manner, with the nostalgic connotation of comfort and familiarity 25. Larder: a supply of food, from the synonym for pantry 26. Meal: the food served at a particular sitting 27. Meat: see bread, or food consisting of the flesh of an animal other than a fish 28. Menu: the food served during a meal, or a list of food to be served; also, any list of offerings or choices 29. Mess: a meal served to a group of people who routinely eat together, as a ship’s crew; also, that group of people or the location where they eat, or a certain amount of food 30. Nourishment: food in the sense of something that satisfies the need to eat; also, the act or state of nourishing or being nourished, or something other than food that provides a corollary benefit 31. Nutriment: something that satisfies the need for nutrition 32. Pabulum: food prepared in a semiliquid state for ease of eating and/or digestion; also, communication of minimal value or sophistication thought to be acceptable to lowest-common-denominator consumers, or, rarely, communication thought to be intellectually stimulating 33. Provender: see feed, or food in general 34. Provisions: a supply of food made available for specific use, as by an expedition 35. Ration: a supply of food made available for a specific person, as a member of a military unit, or, in plural form, such food in general; also, a supply of another commodity as dictated by availability 36. Refreshment: a snack or small meal intended to sustain until the next meal 37. Slop: low-quality food, or leftovers given to livestock; also, garbage, excrement, or slush, or effusive communication 38. Store: see larder 39. Subsistence: the minimum amount of food necessary for survival; also, the equivalent in nonedible commodities 40. Sustenance: see aliment 41. Table: see meal and larder 42. Take-out: food obtained from a restaurant to be eaten elsewhere 43. Viand: see dish, or a piece or item of food, especially a particularly delicious one, and, in plural form, see provisions 44. Victuals: food, or see provisions; as victual, a verb synonymous with provision in the sense of supplying with provisions 45. Vittles: food (a dialectical spelling of victuals) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Mostly Small But Expressive InterjectionsThe Writing ProcessAdvance vs. Advanced

Black& Decker-eastern Hemisphere and the ADP initiative, Essay

Black& Decker-eastern Hemisphere and the ADP initiative, - Essay Example He wanted to change the culture and build a company which could be flexible enough to adopt to different values and management practices applied throughout different other parts of the world also. Through ADP, Lancaster wanted to actually improve the employee development as he wanted employees in Eastern Hemisphere to be more trained and become more equipped to face the new challenges in terms of stiff competition being faced by the company. He wanted that ADP should contribute towards making employees more responsible and integrated with each other while at the same time become more participatory in nature. Apart from this, by implementing ADP, Lancaster was willing to change the culture of the organization and infuse in employees a new sense of understanding about how things are working at the international level. It was also intended to decrease the reliance of employees on management and make them more responsible for their development and training needs of the future. Probably the most important concern was that of the cultural conflict between the Asian employees and that of the other employees of the organization. Most of Asian managers actually raised their concerns regarding this system because of the lack of willingness of the employees to be actually more open for their bosses. Their lack of being critical of their bosses therefore may lead them not to provide the kind of feedback required to properly evaluate all employees through 360 degree appraisal. In order to properly implement the system, it is important to implement a hybrid system which takes into account the cultural aspects of organization also. Culture is something which changes slowly therefore it may be difficult for Lancaster to implement the required changes immediately as it may attract resistance from all levels. It is however, also important to further refine the hybrid system to truly reflect upon the cultural side of doing business in Asia. It seems that

Ethnographic Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethnographic Comparison - Essay Example The discussion focuses on studying human behavior and culture using multiple ethnographic accounts. The three societies taken for comparison are the southern Ethiopian society, Chinese society, and Cherokee, a Native American society. The analysis provides background information of all the three societies along with discussing the specific aspect of cultural change within these societies. A vivid comparison and contrast between the societies is done in relation to the cultural change among women and standard of living. The realities of life and human behavior in relation to the cultural change in these societies are also addressed. Furthermore, the discussion also examines some of the social problems and public policy issues that are apparent in these societies. Ethiopia, a sub-Saharan country in Africa, is considered to be home to one of the oldest known human societies. During the prehistoric period, Hamitic people from Asia Minor and Semitic traders from Arabia migrated to this region. Being a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic society, it comprised of different cultural and geo-political boundaries, but with the Orthodox Church mainly dominating the cultural, political, and social life of the population. From the ancient times, the Chinese society is one with rich traditions. The countrys civilization is home to around 55 ethnic minorities including 14 Taiwanese aborigine groups, Shaoshu Minzu, RPC nationals, and the Han majority (Johnson, 2014). With the recent economic reforms and policies, China has transformed into a stronger economy. The Cherokee Indians, one among the tribes of Native Americans, are expected to have lived in and around the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians Island. Ethnographers have recorded that these tribes migrated to south in ancient times from the Great Lakes region along with the Iroquoian people. The comparison of culture among these three societies provides valuable

Communication case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Communication case study - Essay Example g the opinions and facts he got from different sources such as reading newspapers, magazines, and books in the library, he even interviewed some people who are really associated with the problem he was dealing with. But the part of saying â€Å" I don’t care who said that† came the problem arising. He was not able to present the information regarding that portion. He should reach them in a manner that is persuasive so that the audience can feel the essence of the message and information he is trying to impart. ]Scott should face the audience confidently and showing dependency and amazingly believing what he got from his sources, but in mentioning what the mayor said regarding the Mexican problem, that’s where the revolts of the people arise. He should not tell that to the people. Because such actions of telling bad things about other people is not good, most probably if you are to gossip that to the public. He must keep the name of the person clean. And he should stay innocent and acted just the mediator and the facilitator of the message. The message itself that will stimulate one’s ears to run their ideas and think logically about the situation. As a speaker, you should consider the feelings of the audience. Always consider them as reactors once you throw words from you. They will probably react on everything you will say. Evidences and statements you gathered will be your defense and source for answering their questions. In communication there is always a producer and a receiver and of course a channel. In here, Scott could be the producer or the channel, because the information came from him and so he uses his self to send the message to the audiences. The audience in Scott’s case reacted violently with what they heard was said by the mayor of the other city. That speaker’s should not say in front of the crowd offensive things. Due to this people around him gave their feedbacks. Scott and his colleagues have a direct connection, but he can easily

Landfill And Material Recycling In Malaysia

Landfill And Material Recycling In Malaysia The generation of solid waste, and particularly Municipal Solid Waste, is a consequence of modem living and an increasingly urbanized society. Solid waste prevention and management is one of the keys to sustainable environment and development. Waste is defined as an object the holder discards, intends to discard or is required to discard [1-2]. Something becomes waste when it loses its primary function for the user. Waste is therefore relative to this primary function. However, and this is the second perspective, what is considered waste with regard to this primary function may be useful for a secondary function. In other words, somebodys waste is often somebody elses (secondary) raw material [1]. Solid waste can be typically classified as: municipal solid waste including plastic waste (MSW), construction and demolition waste (CD), hazardous solid wastes (HW), bio-medical waste (BMW), and electronic waste (e-waste) [3]. Municipal solid waste (MSW) management comprises of practices ra nging from waste collection to final disposal which is connected in numerous ways to many other environmental, economic, and social issues with most of the answers having broader implications. Sustainable waste management is about using resources more efficiently both at the raw and finished state [4-7]. Looking from the perspective of sustainable waste management practices and the environment, the technologies or policies on MSW management should embody a reasonable balance of feasible, cost-effective, environmentally beneficial, and socially sensitive solutions to the problems. It means that a sustainable waste management practice does not only achieve a specific goal in MSW management, it takes into account the demands of the specific situations where the proposed solution is to be implemented [8]. Solid waste management is a major challenge for Malaysia to address in the light of her Vision 2020 which lays out the direction for Malaysia in becoming a fully developed nation. The National Vision Policy (NVP), developed to meet the challenges posed by Vision 2020, incorporates key strategies of the New Economic Policy (NEP) and the National Development Policy (NDP). A key thrust of the NVP is pursuing environmentally sustainable development to reinforce long-term growth, which presents challenges to established policies and practices in the rapidly expanding area of solid waste management [9]. Waste Management Concepts There are a number of concepts about waste management which vary in their usage between countries or regions. The following are some of the most general, widely used concepts: Waste hierarchy: The waste hierarchy is the 3R concept where the R stands for reduce, reuse and recycle, it classify waste management strategies according to their desirability to achieving waste minimization. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract as much as possible the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum amount of waste [10-12]. Polluter Pays Principle: the polluter pays principle is a principle where the polluting party pays for the impact caused to the environment. With respect to waste management, this generally refers to the requirement for a waste generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the unrecoverable material [10-13]. In Malaysia context, the waste hierarchy is the practice adopted for municipal solid waste management [14-19]. It is a major focus of the Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Act 2007. OVERVIEW OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE GENERATION IN MALAYSIA Municipal solid waste MSW management is a major challenge in urban areas throughout the world with greater effect in the rapidly growing cities and towns of developing countries [20]. Globally, municipal solid waste generation was about 0.49 billion tons in 1997 with an estimated annual growth rate of 3.2-4.5% in developed nations and 2-3% in developing nations [21]. In Asia region, MSW generation has been increasing at a rate of 3 to 7% per year as a result of population growth, changing consumption patterns, and the expansion of trade and industry in urban centres. The generation of municipal solid waste by the public is a function of socio-economic background (buying power), cultural background, locality (urban or rural setting) and the environment awareness. The generation and the composition of solid wastes vary according to size/population and income level [22-24]. Malaysian population has been in the increase at a rate of about 2.4% per annum since 1994 [25] due to industriali zation, urban migration, affluence, population growth, tourism and high influx of foreign workforce/students which has lead to massive developmental projects such as building the latest designs of residential and business buildings, construction of spacious highways, tourist resorts and so on [7, 22, 26-27]. The growing population comes with increased generation of municipal solid waste (MSW), which requires proper management to protect the people and the environment. As the solid waste generation increases in Malaysia, it puts a pressure on and shortens the duration time of, the existing landfill [28]. In Malaysia, waste collection varies from city to city with about 80% generated waste collection in Kuala Lumpur while a general average estimate of about 70% of waste generated in Malaysia is collected and 1-5% of waste is recycled (from the collected waste) while the remaining is taken to the disposal sites [29-30]. The major MSW management practice in Malaysia is waste disposal to landfill with approximately 80-95% of the total collected waste sent to landfills [31-34]. Current waste disposal method of landfill needs improvements to prolong the landfill life and to minimize the problem of land scarcity [31]. In 2007 about 26 million tonnes of waste were produced in Malaysia of which 30% were municipal solid waste (MSW), 34% from construction, industrial waste 23%, Hazardous waste 9% and 1% waste generation from public places [35]. The average amount of MSW generated ranges between 0.5 and 0.8 kg/cap/day for rural areas and smaller towns [22, 27, 36] while households of major cities and the capital Kuala Lumpur produce about 1.7 kg/cap/day 1.9 kg/cap/day [9, 14, 22, 37]. The daily MSW quantity was 17,000 tonnes per day in 2002 and by year 2020, the quantity of MSW generated is estimated to increase to over 30,000 tonnes per day [14, 23, 26, 32, 36, 38-39]. MSW management operations absorb large portions of municipal operating budgets, of which as much as 6 0% are for collection and transfer of the wastes for disposal [8, 29]. For a better understanding and planning of solid waste management, information on the quantity of solid waste generated in an area is fundamental to almost all aspects of solid waste management [40]. Malaysia Waste Characterization The municipal solid waste (MSW) in Malaysia is made up of waste from households, commercial, institutes, landscape conservation, street cleansing, and industry construction and even tourist activities [14, 30, 32-33, 38]. Characteristics of MSW vary from city to city and season to season [8]. The solid wastes of rural towns in Malaysia are significantly different from those of large cities, having more organics (food wastes) but few plastics. In industrialized cities MSW is quantified and characterized by municipal authorities at regular intervals. Malaysian municipal solid waste (MSW) generated consists of different constituents such as biodegradable materials (food waste, Garden waste, Animal waste and Material contaminated by such waste) which has high moisture content and a bulk density above 200 kg/m3, resistant polymers, paper, Wood, Textiles, Leather, Plastic, Rubber, Paint, oil, grease, chemical, organic sludge, glass, ceramic, mineral soil, concrete, and masonry (constructio n debris) [7, 14]. In the MSW waste analysis by Saeed [22], it shows that about 48% of municipal solid waste generated are from residential, 24% commercial generated waste, 11% from street cleaning, 7% from landscape conservation, 6% from institutional waste and 4% from industry and construction [32]. A waste characterization study for the city of Kuala Lumpur shows that the main components of Malaysian waste were food, paper, and plastic which comprise 80% of overall weight [22, 24, 38] with high moisture content ranging from 52.6% to 66.2% [22-23, 29, 41-43]. High moisture content in waste reduces energy value of waste and creates extra cost in the use of the waste as refuse derived fuel (RDF) or even incineration because the waste might need to be dried before incinerating. Similarly increasing pressure and temperature in the pile of solid waste or landfill favours the growth of leachate from solid waste which if not controlled might enter into the ground and surface water and can be dangerous for human health [22, 24, 44]. From literature, the waste composition seems to be variable. However, the main part of Malaysia MSW is organic waste; according to data from the ninth Malaysia Plan, Malaysia MSW composition is estimated about 45% of food waste, 24% of plastic, 7% paper mate rials, 6% of iron and glass while others made up the remaining percentage [32-33, 45]. Table 1 shows the average composition by weight percentage of components of MSW generated by various sources in Kuala Lumpur [22] while Table 2 depicts the daily generation of Municipal solid waste by states in Malaysia from year 2000 to year 2010 [46]. The current generation indicates 60% increase over the past 10 years. The larger amount of Malaysian MSW is recyclables which include paper, plastic, glass, metal and aluminum [46-47]. Recyclable items represent over 40% of the total waste volume which without retrieval activity, these valuable materials will be disposed off into landfill. The implications of this practice are the lost of these resources and the rapid utilization of the landfill space. Thus, it will reduce the length of the life-span of landfills in the country. The existing waste disposal habit among Malaysians sees a very high potential of diverting waste via recycling. One obstacle in material recovery practice is that Malaysian MSW is highly commingled. As a result, the waste contains high moisture content and reduces the value of the recyclable items. Sorting at waste generation source will help in reducing the difficulty of high moisture content and improve recycling and resource recovery, thus extending and ma intaining low level of pollution from landfill. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA Solid waste management in Malaysia is the responsibility of the Ministry of Housing and Local Government (MHLG) with a regulatory body known as National Solid Waste Management Department under this ministry (MHLG) which was established in 2007 [36, 45, 48]. Local authorities are responsible for public cleansing and have to dispose all collected waste in a sanitary way[36]. MSW management involves waste collection, transportation, disposal and monitoring of the disposed waste to protect the environment. It was found from literature that waste collection in Malaysia is more effective and efficient in the richer communities than poorer ones [36]. In view of achieving an improved system for all local authorities and realizing that the lack of appropriate policy is a factor that averts sustainable waste management in the country, the Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Bill (SWPCM) was approved in 2007 [14-15, 26, 36, 45, 48-49]. Solid waste management is one element of the ninth Malaysia plan. This plan implies the upgrading of existing unsanitary landfills, the construction of new sanitary landfills and the construction of transfer stations with material recovery facilities with aim of strengthening the institutional capacity of respective agencies as well as creating a society that is committed towards waste minimisation and achieving a recycling target of 22% by 2020 [29, 36, 50]. The Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Act 2007 was gazette on 30 August 2007 with the focus to pave away for federal take-over of solid waste management and privatization of solid waste handling. Consequential amendments were also made to three other policies [14]. Challenges in Solid Waste Management Lack of appropriate policy is the main constraint to sustainable waste management in Malaysia [46]. As a result, the Solid Waste and Public Cleansing Management Bill (SWPCM) was approved in 2007 with the aims of providing an act and regulate the management of solid waste and public cleansing in order to maintain proper sanitation in the country [26]. The following are the commonly identified problems which affect the proper handling of solid waste on the side of the management authorities: Inadequate service coverage and operational inefficiencies of services, Limited utilization of recycling activities, Inadequate landfill disposal, and Inadequate management of hazardous and healthcare waste. Waste Management Process and Practices Waste Collection, Transportation and Disposal Service in Malaysia Municipal solid waste collection schemes of cities in the developing world generally serve only a limited part of the urban population [4, 21, 39, 51-57]. The people facing more problem of poor waste-collection services are usually the low-income population living in peri-urban areas [58-59]. In Kuala Lumpur, 80-90% of the generated MSW is collected; however over 60% of the rural population in Malaysia does not have any waste collection service and this has lead to many illegal small dumping sites [9]. The most common waste collection process in Malaysia is the door-to-door collection system where trash bins are collected from every household. Inhabitants of high-rise buildings or of informal settlements have to bring the waste to communal waste containers [36]. Waste separation has not been a common practice in Malaysia and this leads to the collection of all types of waste in one bin [36]. The solid management responsibility (collection, transportation and disposal) of 48 Local Aut horities has been privatized since 1st January 1997. Idaman Bersih Sdn Bhd manages the waste for northern region of Peninsular Malaysis, Alam Flora Sdn. Bhd manages the waste generated in the Central and Eastern Region of Peninsular Malaysia while Southern Waste Management Sdn. Bhd manages the waste in the Southern Region of the peninsular [14, 45]. The frequency of household waste collections is normally three times a week whereas waste from shops and commercial premises are collected daily [9]. From [60], about 50% of the overall national waste amount collected is open dumped, 30% is landfilled, 10% is composted, 5% is recycled and 5% percent is incinerated. There are about 7 mini-incinerators with capacity between 5 to 20 tones per day owned by the government (located in Pulau Pangkor, Pulau Langkawi, Pulau Tioman and Cameron Highlands) [61] and a private operated incinerator by Recycle Energy Sdn Bhd at Semenyi with a capacity of 1000 Metrics tones per day [23]. Waste Recycling and Composting Waste minimisation is the bed rock of sustainable and sound waste management with global focus on realising a Material Cycle Society. It is the desire to reduce waste generation at source, minimise the amount of waste disposed at landfills and to maximise the efficiency of resource utilisation. Recycling is a practice that utilises raw and finished products more efficiently and effectively. Recycling of inorganic materials from Malaysia municipal solid waste has been a practice by informal sector although such activities are seldom recognised, supported, or promoted by the municipal authorities [8]. Recycling in Malaysia became a government programs in the early 1990s and the first official recycling campaign was launched in October 1991 in Shah Alam, Selangor by the Minister of Housing and Local Government [5]. Twenty local authorities were identified as the lead agencies to promote recycling. This recycling campaign is to be part of the Clean and Beautiful Program launched by the m inistry earlier. In 1992, the minister announced that all city and municipal councils would be required to launch recycling programs. On December 2000 the government re-launched the national recycling campaign with 29 local authorities participating. The second phase of the new recycling program was launched on 11 November 2002 with 95 local authorities participating. The target was to reduce waste generation to a minimum rate of 22% by the year 2020 [5, 23, 62-63]. The present recycling program also involves waste management companies, waste recycling firms, Non-Governmental Organizations, shopping mall management companies, schools, hospitals, and religious organizations. During 2001-2003, the government spent MYR25 million on awareness campaigns and another MYR11 million purchasing and building an infrastructure to support the program [5]. Recycling campaigns were also carried out by the local authorities such as printing flyers and brochures and holding public briefings. They al so provide recycling bins for paper, glass, and aluminium in strategic places, such as shopping centres, schools, and transport terminals. After more than ten years, the official recycling figure is just 5%, although there are reports of higher than 5% recycling. For example, in 2003 Penang Islands recycling rate was 9.8%, up from 3% in 2000 [5, 9]. Many Malaysians seem to treat recycling bins as an ordinary waste-disposal bin. Indeed, it was so bad that the Penang State government has taken back most of the bins as almost all the recycling bins contain all sorts of waste [5]. Although a large amount of Malaysian wastes could be recycled, less than 5% of the total (almost 10,000 tonnes per day) is actually separated and recycled. There is a good demand for waste plastics, paper and glass, with resale prices of about US$60 per tonne, US$44 per tonne and US$32 per tone, respectively. Recovery of only 5% of the available waste plastics, paper and glass is estimated to yield a total of about US$3.4 million per year. Recommendations to increase recycling are discussed in the paper [64]. More priority is given to recycling in Malaysia than composting. Composting is defined as the biological decomposition of organic matter under controlled aerobic conditions to form a stable, humus-like end product. The process is facilitated by a diverse population of microbes, whose population dynamics vary greatly both temporally and spatially, and generally involves the development of thermophilic temperatures as a result of biologically produced heat [65-66]. Composting is applicable to MSW or separately collected leaves, yard, and food waste in Malaysia. The benefits of recycling and composting are: the processes cut down the need for disposal capacity and lowers emissions from landfills and incinerators as well as reducing litter. Secondly, the use of recycled materials in industry reduces energy use and emission; lessens impact when raw material is extracted or manufactured, and conserves raw materials [67]. Recycling also provides a supplementary income source for the lower income group while compost product are used to improve the soil qu ality [68]. Malaysia Waste Potential for Recycling: Recycling in the context of solid waste may be defined as the reclamation of material and its reuse which could include repair, remanufacture and conversion of materials, parts and products. Reclamation of materials from solid waste is not something new [69]. It is the beneficial-reuse of products that would otherwise be disposed off. It diverts waste from overloaded landfills besides providing raw materials that consume less fuel during the manufacturing process. It is an important aspect of an efficient and effective solid waste management system [61]. To understand the composition of MSW in Malaysia, an assessment of the waste generated and recyclable potential of Malaysia municipal solid waste conducted for Kuala Lumpur city by Saeed et al [32] shows from their prediction from the current trend of waste generation in Kuala Lumpur city that the MSW has a good potential of recyclables. Table 1 shows the recyclable components and their percentage share and recycling rate in tons per year. The results indicate that, food (organic) waste is the major component followed by mix paper and plastics. But unfortunately the attention paid by the authority towards this direction is not sufficient enough to tackle this issue. The Agenda 21 [70], defined environmentally sound technologies as a technology that protect the environment; moreover, recycling most of the wastes and handle residual wastes in more acceptable manner. Since 1993 a major effort of recycling was launched by the Ministry of Housing and Local Government but unfortunately limited recycling activities taken place [67]. Though recycling activity in Malaysia is rising up, the recycling industry still needs to be enhanced. The Malaysians attitude towards recycling is higher, but only few practice it [71]. Attitude to the Environmental and Level of Waste Management Awareness in Malaysia Environmental problems are caused directly or indirectly by the patterns of production by industries, patterns of consumption and behaviour of the consumers [72]. Attitude is a mental and neural state of readiness, which exerts a directing, influence upon the individuals response to all objects and situations with which it is related [73]. Attitudes to the environment are rooted in a persons concept of self and the degree to which an individual perceives himself or herself to be an integral part of the natural environment [74]. The shaping of attitude and values, commitment and skills needed to preserve and protect the environment begins at an early age of which educators play an influential role in developing new patterns of behaviours for individuals [72]. In Malaysia, recycling program has been widely initiated since 1993. However, to date the recycling rate in Malaysia is only five percent [75]. A survey by Said et al. [72] using drop and collect method was conducted for 285 scho ol teachers who were randomly selected from ten regular government schools in the state of Selangor, Malaysia to determine the level of knowledge, environmental concern and ecologically conscious consumer behavior and identify the extent of involvement in nature-related activities of school teachers. The result if the survey illustrated the presence of high level of environmental concern among the teachers, fair environmental knowledge but generally poor in understanding of the underlying causes of environmental problems. The practices of environmentally responsible behavior were not in concert with the level of concern and knowledge and the respondents were not actively involved in nature-related activities [72]. Another assessment of the level of environmental knowledge among households in Selangor, Malaysia was conducted by Haron et al [76]. The study examine the sources of their environmental knowledge, determine factors that lead to different levels of knowledge and analyse the relationship between knowledge and environmental attitude, behaviour and participation. The results of the study indicate that, in general, respondents basic or general environmental knowledge was high. However, when questioned on various scientific environmental terms, the majority of the respondents were not familiar with most of them. Respondents indicated that their main sources of environmental knowledge and information were newspapers, television and radio. Lower levels of education were reflected in the level of environmental knowledge. Participation in environmental activities had a positive influence on knowledge. The study also found that knowledge correlated positively with environmental attitudes, behaviours and participation [76]. An investigation/comparison of gender with attitudes towards the environment and green products was conducted by Chen and Chai [77] and the result of their investigation shows that there were no significant differences between gender in their environmental attitudes and attitudes on green products. The second part of the study investigated the relationship between attitude towards the environment and green products. Result revealed that consumer attitudes on the governments role and their personal norm towards the environment contributed significantly to their attitude on green product. Further investigation revealed that personal norm was the most important contributor to the attitude towards green product. However, environmental protection did not contribute significantly to consumers attitudes on green product [77]. The media in Malaysia has played a major role in communicating ideas and information on environmental issues but quite unfortunate, at the national level, people are still reluctant to adopt certain measures to reduce their waste disposal impact on the environment [78]. Studying the effectiveness of media messages towards pro-environmental behavior of Malaysians, Besar and Hassan [78] explain the relation ship between message response and peoples recycling knowledge, attitudes and recycling practice in the workplace context. The analysis inferred that both external motivational (exposure and attention) and internal motivational (involvement and interest) factors are the message response determinant variables that influence message effectiveness. They identified that one area which requires immediate public voluntary participation is in waste management, especially the 3Rs practices. The work suggests that there is poor public participation in environmentally friendly behaviors, namely recycling, as people do not response accordingly to the intended message. They noted that communication and proper enforcement of the law will help boost the recycling rates among the public. An investigation was conducted on the antecedents of recycling intention behaviour among secondary school students using Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) by Mahmud [75]. The sample consists of 400 randomly selecte d Form Four students. Three factors that influenced the intention behaviour as hypothesised by the author include specific attitude, subjective norms and perceived behaviour control. The result shows that perceived behaviour control was the strongest predictor of intention behaviour. Subjective norms are the second strongest predictor of intention to recycle. Specific attitudes were indirect predictor of intention behaviour, via the mediation of subjective norms and perceived behaviour control. The researcher suggested that environmental education in Malaysia school system should focus on elements that can effectively inculcate a pro-environmental behaviour among students [75]. A model to determine and analyze the factors that could affect knowledge, attitude and behavior of the urban poor concerning solid waste management was developed by Murad et aj [79]. They collected primary data residents of low-cost flats of Kuala Lumpur city, Malaysia. The empirical results of the study prov ide evidence to the effect that knowledge, attitude and behavior of the urban poor communities concerning solid waste management are adequate and satisfactory and the low socio-economic profile of the urban poor has not been proven as causal to environmental degradation [79]. In a review on the image and environmental disclosure, challenges in environmental information management and some of the strategic implications of environmental reporting as an important tool for improved environmental management with a short case study was presented by Sumiani et al [80]. In the case study of 50 companies in Malaysia, 36 reported some kind of environmental information in their corporate annual reports where most of the companies that gave environment report where ISO certified companies. The study concluded that ISO certification has some level of influence towards voluntary environmental reporting behaviour amongst the sampled Malaysian companies, specifically on pollution abatement and on o ther environmentally related information categories of environmental information. Making reference to Saeed et al [32], It is obvious that the Malaysia cities are still lacking in terms of efficient waste treatment technology, sufficient fund, public awareness, maintaining the established norms of industrial waste treatment, etc. Recycling is a relatively new exercise in Malaysia. Even though recycling has been introduced years back, lack of public awareness caused a slowdown in the progress of the recycling exercise. Lack of sufficient recycling facilities or the inappropriateness of the facilities location contributed further to the slowdown. Over 20,000 tonnes of solid waste is being discarded daily. The Ministry of Housing and Local Government sets a recycling goal to be 22% by 2020. A study on the success of recycling exercise in Subang Jaya, Malaysia was conducted by Chenaya et al [81]. The collection rate of recyclables in Subang Jaya is estimated to be 0.43% in 2004 which shows poor recycling activities and was traced to poor awareness of the residents of the area. The study formulates and analyzes various strategies to increase the awareness among the residents and to increase the existing facilities. They employ the outranking analysis and use a new exploitation procedure based on eigenvector using the weighted in- and out- preference flows of each alternative from outranking relation in a PROMETHEE context [81]. It was found that environmental education should be made a part of the education and civil system. Waste-Energy Recovery and Incineration Municipal solid waste resource recovery is a practice where waste with good heating values are derived from the waste by mechanical or manual process and used as fuel (RDF Refuse Derived Fuel). Solid waste resource recovery is not a common practice in Malaysia. Malaysia waste if properly sorted will create a good opportunity for resource recovery considering the percentage of paper, plastic, wood and textile materials. Promoting waste sorting from source and composting of organic waste will reduce the moisture content of Malaysia solid waste and enhancing the opportunity of resource recovery. RDF can be used as fuel to plants for electricity generation in the country, thus decreasing the greenhouse gas emission from energy utilization by changing from fossil fuels to a partly renewable fuel or incinerated to generate heat for industrial purpose. Incineration is a controlled burning of wastes at a high temperature, sterilizes, stabilizes and reduces waste volume which may be used as disposal option, when the waste composition is highly combustible. It is one of the most effective means of dealing with many wastes, to reduce their harmful potential and often to convert them to an energy form. It reduces volume up to ten-fold and thus is becoming particularly attractive in metropolitan areas. Some of the municipal managers are looking to the development of municipal incinerators around the periphery of their cities as a first solution in many countries [82]. Incineration requires appropriate technology, infrastructure, and skilled workforce to operate and maintain the plant [83]. Waste incineration is thermal treatment of waste mainly employed for hazardous waste treatment as a standard. MSW incineration in Malaysia is until now only realized as small-scale incinerators on islands, namely Langkawi, Pankor, Tioman and Labuan. The installed seven mini-incineration plants have a capacity of 5-20 tons per day and are operated only once per week due to high operation costs. For Kuala Lumpur one waste gasification plant with a capacity of 1,500 tones per day was planed but never realized because of social protests [14, 36]. The energy potentials of municipal solid waste in Malaysia was assessed by Kathirvale et al. [22] and found that The calorific value of the Malaysian MSW ranged between 1500 and 2600 kcal/kg. From their evaluation of the amount of energy t

Alcoholism :: essays research papers

Alcohol is the intoxicating part of beer, wine and liquors-the part that causes drunkenness. It is formed during fermentation, the process that creates the alcohlolicbeverage. When sugars from the fruits or grains are combined with yeast and water, alcohol results. Alcohol is a drug and, like all drugs, it has an effect on a person’s body and mind. Because drinking alcoholic beverages makes some people feel more alive and more outgoing, alcohol is sometimes seen as a stimulant. But in fact it is a depressant, and slows down the central nervous system, of which the brain is a part. Small amounts of alcohol can affect a person’s coordination and judgment. Drinking a large amount of alcohol at one time can even cause death. Alcohol is estimated to be contributing factor in 20-30% of all accidents. In fatal car accidents involving young men after 10pm it is a contributory factor in 60% of these cases. About 30% of all drowning are estimated to be alcohol related. This propo rtion may rise to 50% between the ages 20-30. Alcohol is also a poisonous. It must be broken down and removed from the body. However, it leaves behind toxins, or poisons, that can cause health problems and contribute to serious diseases. Beer contains the least amount of alcohol, about 3-6%. Wine is 8-14 percent alcohol. Distilled spirits have a much higher alcoholic content. The alcoholic content of gin, scotch, vodka, whiskey, rum, and bourbon is about 40%. When alcohol enters the body this is what happens. Within 20 minutes of entering the stomach, as much as 20% of the alcohol in a drink is absorbed into the bloodstream. The rest remains in the stomach where it stimulates the secretion of gastric juices. Large amounts of alcohol entering an empty stomach can irritate the gastric lining and cause the stomach to become inflamed. From the stomach, the alcohol passes into the small intestine. Here the rest of it is absorbed through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream. From the bloodstream, about 5 percent of alcohol leave the body unchanged through urine, sweat, or exhaled breath. Next the alcohol travels via the bloodstream to the heart. Small amounts of alcohol produce a slight increase in heart rate and blood pressure. Larger amounts reduce pumping power of the heart and can cause an irregular heartbeat. The heart then pumps the alcohol through the blood vessels to other parts of the body, including the brain.

Creating atmosphere

Creating an atmosphere of tolerance, acceptance and caring requires a consistent effort to understand the students who come from different cultures. It is important to treat their cultural and linguistic backgrounds as valid and equal to our own background. Treating their cultures as important and respectable creates an atmosphere of mutual trust and collaboration among the students. The broader understanding should reflect in every aspect of the academic institution. Building multicultural class room is an ongoing process and it requires consistent investment of time, money and effort.The diversity of students in today's classrooms underscores the importance of developing curricula, teaching strategies, and policies to help all students succeed in school. (Ingram, 2000) The diversity of students in the class room calls for creating an atmosphere of caring, understanding, and accepting other cultures. Treating the cultures as valid, equal and important is fundamental in creating an a tmosphere that fills confidence in both the teacher and the taught.Creating such an atmosphere becomes impossible unless the authorities who run the institution believe in the philosophy of understanding, acceptance and respect for other cultures. The process of creating an atmosphere of tolerance and acceptance begins with the very mission statement of the institution. The issues and needs of multi-cultural class room should be analyzed and understood and the learning from the same should reflect in the action plan.The analysis should take into account the problems and challenges of the faculty members, the fears and doubts of the students and the different aspects of administration of the school management. When every department in the institution follows the same action plan and philosophy and show the same spirit it becomes easier for the students to imbibe the same. Especially in the class room where people from five different ethnic groups are present, the question of creating an atmosphere of tolerance, acceptance and caring attains greater significance.The class room which has students from India, China, Kenya, Arabia, and Europeans along with the native students, it is most essential to foster an atmosphere of confidence and freedom for the students to have a healthy intellectual growth. The recognition and acceptance of students from all backgrounds and culture is essential to the concept of multi-cultural education. Multicultural education is a reform movement whose major goal is to change the structure of educational institutions so that all students have an equal chance to achieve academically in school.(Mungai, 2008) The diversity of students in the class room makes it more challenging for the faculty and the administration to create an atmosphere of acceptance, tolerance, and trust. For the students the class room not only opens up a new of world of learning experiences but also challenges them in understanding, welcoming and accepting new cultu res of other students. The role of the teacher in that multi-cultural class room acquires greater significance as he is challenged with the double task of teaching the subject and creating an atmosphere of care and understanding.Teachers embracing multiculturalism will offer for some of their students the first opportunity to stand in the center of life’s stage. They will demonstrate that the democratic ideals on which this country was founded apply to their school life and to their personal lives. (Josephine Scott, 2001) Teachers feel it a daunting task to deal with the students effectively in a multi cultural class room. Being aware of their weaknesses and drawbacks in dealing with all types of students is helpful in overcoming those challenges.When dealing with students it is not unusual for some teachers to feel comfortable with some students and uncomfortable with certain other students. Naturally it will leave different impressions on the students and it may also influe nce in giving grades to the students. Hence, evaluation of teaching practices and class room behavior and reflecting on the same plays a crucial role in modifying the approach of the teachers. Inviting other teachers and taking feed back from students and peers will go a long way in overcoming many of the problems.Making the content of the lessons multi cultural in subjects, though it is not possible in all the subjects, will expose the students to different cultures. Teacher’s self assessment about his level of consciousness and awareness of other races, religion and cultures helps him a lot in planning the class room activity effectively. Talking about the crucial role of teachers in creating a multicultural class room, Betty Wilson highlights the importance of teachers learning of new cultures.She says: I think it's very important for teachers to know their own cultures very well and study their own cultures, because then they begin to become more reflective listeners. The y look at other people's cultures in a different light, and they begin to see the similarities and differences in their cultures. It becomes a journey in a classroom of learning, because by the teacher sharing their own culture, then the students are more open to that. (Wilson, 2000)As Betty Wilson, the director of multicultural education at Oak Park School, rightly points out learning other cultures will be an enriching experience This demands not only learning new things and cultivating new habits but also unlearning old habits and beliefs. A resource center rich in solutions for the teachers solves many of the dilemmas of the teacher of multi-cultural class room. Sharing the experiences of other faculty members across the university or other institutions will be immensely useful for solving many of the issues in the day to day activities in the class room.Creating opportunities for knowing other cultures about their history and present situation and problems should be made a part of academic curricula. Planning on campus or off campus events teachers and their assistant will have a better understanding of the needs of young people who are members of different cultures. A multi-cultural celebration day is a wonderful idea for all the students who come from different cultures to express themselves freely and to recognize and understand the importance of other cultures.Setting up a bulletin board that gives equal importance to all the five different cultures without hurting the feelings of others is major step in announcing the multi-cultural festival. The board provides ample space for exhibiting the important or representative symbols all the cultures that are present in the class room. Assigning the work to the students to create their own poster expressing their cultural values and symbols encourages all the students and involves every student in the work. Monitoring their work without any interference in their creative expression is a delicate task and it should be dealt with very sensitively.Giving clear instructions in advance will solve many delicate issues. For example, informing the students clearly the place of their poster on the bulletin board following an objective method like the alphabetical order avoids scope for conflict. In fact, to create multicultural class room is a continuous process. It does not end with a multicultural festival. It requires careful planning and meticulous execution over a period of time to establish strongly a base for multicultural class room environment. It will not happen in a day or a semester.It is a demanding work for life long involving learning and unlearning. Creating a healthy multicultural class room is not just the work of the class teacher only. It needs active participation of every teaching and non teaching staff member of the institution. The support and leadership of the authorities who run the institution and the participation of all the departments are the foundation on which t he edifice of a multicultural class room can be built. Of course, the process is bound to have certain occasional failures and setbacks but the process should be an ongoing one.It requires a lot of determination, time, effort and money and the investment of all these are worth building a multicultural world for a happy and healthy coexistence. It calls for a long-term investment, an investment in our own growth and change as well as in our students and in the university and society of which they and we will continue to be a part. (Mark Chesler, 2003) References Chesler Mark (2003) Teaching Well in the Diverse/Multicultural Classroom http://www. aahea. org/bulletins/articles/sociology. htm Ingram Arlette Willis (2000) Addressing Literacy Needs in Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Classrooms.http://www. ncrel. org/sdrs/areas/issues/content/cntareas/reading/li400. htm Mungai Anne,(2008) Help! I Am Not Prepared for A Diverse Classroom http://www. cluteinstitute-onlinejournals. com/P rograms/Puerto_Rico_2008/Article%20123%20Mungai. pdf Scott Josephine (2001). Meeting the Diverse Needs of All Students http://www. eduplace. com/science/profdev/articles/scott. html Wilson Bette (2000) An Interview at North Central Regional Educational Laboratory. http://www. ncrel. org/sdrs/areas/issues/content/cntareas/reading/wilson1trns. htm A Sample Bulletin Board to be created